Abstract: Biometrics as a method for identification systems has been widely used for its robustness; one of its used is based on human palm. Palm has unique characteristics to be used in personal identification because of it features, namely palm print and hand geometry. This paper studied about biometrics of palm for identification system using the physical form of human hands, represented by the image of the palm. The methodology for palm recognition consisted of block-based line detection which dealing with palm print feature extraction process, and chain code which solved the hand geometric feature extraction. We combined those two respective features and recognized it using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) method which was able to measure the distance between two different features. The result can be used for personal identification in authentication systems for information security.

Abstract: Pointing errors is one of the main challenges that face free space optical communication and affects its performance specially at high range links, in this paper, an evaluation for the pointing error for practical Bit Error Rate is carried. This is done for an FSO link under different weather conditions at 1.55 µm. Under practical simulation conditions it was found that maximum pointing error allowed to achieve  bit error rate for clear weather can reach 13.53 µ rad, Heavy fog is found to be the worst weather condition, where small pointing error can lead to link failure.

Abstract: Pakistan is an energy deficient country, where a large fraction of the population still does not have access to modern day energy services such as electricity. This is due to very limited fossil fuel resources and poor economy, which restrains the import of fossil fuels on a large scale. To overcome energy shortage, Pakistan needs to develop its indigenous energy resources like hydropower, solar and wind. Pakistan lies in an area of one of the highest solar insulation in the world. All this will help in both reducing the import of fossil fuels and dependency of people on fuel wood, which in turn will provide some respite for the dwindling forest reserves of Pakistan. Accordingly, the status and outlook of solar energy use in Pakistan is discussed. In addition, the role of Rand D organizations in the promotion of solar energy technologies in Pakistan is also presented including a description of some proposed projects. It is concluded that the current infrastructure has not been able to advance the status of solar energy in Pakistan. Significant efforts are needed to effectively utilize this cheap renewable energy source. Solar power is a term that refers to several alternative sources of energy by which sun-light is harnessed to do useful work for mankind. People know that it is energy since the same alone implies this but man people think it is expensive and not a preferred method of producing energy. We need to find out how cost effective it is how useful solar power technologies involves the use of photovoltaic cells. Which is true to their name (Photo-light, Voltaic-electricity), converts sunlight directly when light strikes the photovoltaic cell.

Abstract: Traditional biometric systems that based on single biometric usually suffer from problems likeimposters' attack or hacking, unacceptable error rate and low performance. So the need of using multimodal biometric system occurred .In this paper, a study of multimodal palm veins and signature identification is presented.Features of both modalities are extracted by using morphological operations and Scale Invariant Features Transform (SIFT)algorithm and a comparison for both methods is developed.Feature level fusion for both modalitiesis achieved by using a simple sum rule. Fused features vectors are subjected to discrete cosine transform (DCT) to reduce their dimensionalities. Linear Vector Quantization (LVQ) classifier  is used with changed parameters to classify the different people in the database. Preliminary results are encouraging and supporting using palm veins and signature as a robust and reliable identification system.