Abstract: The Internet has emerged as one of the most convenient and widely used media for exchanging information. The Internet of today is faced with many challenges. One of the most daunting challenges is to ensure security. Pursuing authentication through appropriate mechanisms becomes a complex issue. Like other network applications, security issues have become the core issues to be settled. Among other security issues, authentication and access control are the two main fields of security issues, which must be resolved to protect information and computing systems against unauthorized access. This paper explores three authentication techniques i.e.(i) Single Factor /Knowledge based (ii) Two Factor /Token based and (iii) Three Factor/Biometric based authentication and suggest/propose which technique will protect privacy to authenticate users in an appropriate manner.

Abstract: In most video coding standards, motion estimation is the most time consuming sub-system. Consequently, in the last few years, a great deal of effort has been devoted to the research of novel algorithms that are capable of saving computations with minimal effects on the coding quality. A novel Reduced Diamond Search (RDS) algorithm for fast block matching motion estimation has been proposed in this paper, It is based on the center-biased characteristic of motion vector. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm reduces average search points by 20% to 60% according to different motion types with almost the same visual quality compared with other well known block matching algorithms. A threshold to early terminate the block matching process is used to speed up motion estimation time and computation reduction. Simulation results also show that it reduces about 10% to 30% less in search points according to different motion types, with a very low degradation in video quality.