Abstract: One type of alternative fuel that is possible to replace gasoline, especially those used for fuel on fishing boats and even on other motor vehicles, is gas fuel. This study aims to determine the exhaust emissions using a converter kit with natural gas and also to analyze the effectiveness of using gasoline with natural gas. The method used by calculating torque, engine power, break mean effective pressure, fuel consumption, specific fuel consumption, exhaust emissions. From the research results the use of fuel gas is more efficient and very helpful in operational costs for fishermen.

Abstract: One of the historical evidences of human civilization is the existence of water sources. A water source from spring has been of the most prominent need of people in Malang, who currently use the Regional Water Utility Company (PDAM) service to fulfil their daily water supply. Since Malang people still sacred several springs, and traditional sites are still regarded sacred, they hold traditional ceremonial activities to respect their ancestors in the sacred places such as petren and punden. This research is aimed to reveal the public perception about petren (punden) as well as the meaning of its biodiversity. The research areas comprised Lowokwaru, Kedungkandang and Klojen districts, Malang city, East Java. The methods used in this research were survey, open-ended interviews, semi-structured and in-depth interviews, while the types of plants were identified in Universitas Brawijaya (UB)’s herbarium (HBUR). The results indicated that there are petrens (punden) with water spring, where traditional rituals take place—such as Petren of Panggung and Tunggul Wulung, in which water apple, klampok (Syzygium densiflora), mape tree, gayam (Inocarpus fagiferus), banyan tree, ringin (Ficus benyamina), sugar palm, aren (Arenga pinnata), bay leaf, salam (Syzygium polyanthum), and bendo (Artocarpus elasticus) grow. Whilst, there are also Petrens without water springs—including Sentono petren of Cemorokandang village, Madyopuro petren and grave of Mbah Honggo in Kajoetangan heritage village—where Ficus (Moraceae), Arecaceae, Myrtaceae and Rutaceae clans grow. There are also sacred trees such as the family Moraceae (5 species), Myrtaceae (2 types), Rutaceae (1 type), Fabaceae (1 type), and Arecaceae (1 type). The existence of Punden and its relation to water spring, oxygen source, and traditional customs, is essential to preserve traditional knowledge; has a high conservation value; preserves cultural diversity in society; has traditional and religious values and beliefs; preserves species, genetic of local plants potentially supporting education and ecotourism. The traditional petren conservation model has preserved and sustainable conservation value. However, the success of the preservation of local wisdom of the petren sites are dependent on the efforts of the local community and the local government of Malang.