Abstract: Bioenergy is the most important renewable energy option, both at present, as well as in the near- and medium-term future .This study was aimed to determine the effect of pyrolysis temperatures on the pyrolysis product yields and find the optimum temperature of maximum oil yield . Slow pyrolysis of castor seeds were carried out in a semi batch reactor made up of stainless steel at temperature range from 400 °C to 600 at 20 °C/min of heating rate. The elemental analysis and calorific value of the bio-oil were determined.The functional groups and chemical compound present in the bio-oil obtained at optimum conditions were identified by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis respectively.The maximum bio oil yield of 62.45% was obtained at an optimum pyrolysis temperature of 550°C. The calorific values of bio-oil was 36.5 MJ/kg.The chemical characterisation results showed that the bio-oil obtained from castor seeds could be used as a substitute for fuel and utilized as feedstock for chemical or material industries

Abstract: The universal numerical algorithm based on minimization to the full thermal energy functional by node temperature values was developed. The field of temperature distribution and of the potential energy functional of thermo elastic deformation of the rod by the nodal values of displacement were built; the deformation and stress field was constructed.

Abstract: When air quickly escapes from a balloon, the temperature of the surface drops significantly. Despite the simplicity of the phenomenon, there exist little previous research about the temperature change of a balloon. Scientists have mainly studied the temperature change of a rubber band, which is one or two dimensional, following its expansion and contraction. Because of the complicated explanations based on the entropy, it is extremely difficult for high school students to understand most existing researches. Therefore, in this paper we explain a practical model to predict the temperature change of the deflated balloon according to the volume change and the position on the balloon. Then, we examine the validity and the reliability of the model by showing the experimental data. Physics educational value of this research is also discussed.